How Did the Events of the Indian Mutiny Change?

The events of the Indian mutiny; in particular the Enfield rifle cartridges, the murder of Christians, the shootings in Cawnpore and the massacre in Lucknow, vastly changed the presence of British in India. The British realised that they could not run a country through a company with no acknowledgement and respect for culture. After the mutiny, the East India Company no longer ruled India – The queen did. The British prime minister chose a secretary of state for India. This change gave the people of India someone to look up to and respect rather than a company ruling and making decisions for their own financial gain.Towns and cities were ‘littered with her statues'. The legislative council also included some Indian representation, signifying the start of participation of Indian people in British Government. This meant that the Indians felt as though they had a say in the running of their country. The end of the mutiny also indicated the beginning of a new attitude toward s Indian culture where the British no longer interfered. In particular, the British no longer attempted to stop the traditional practices and laws surrounding widows. The British also came to respect Indian princes and other respected people in positions of authority over others.This was shown through their participation in the Legislative council. The British felt that Princes and landowners had a crucial role in maintaining positive relationships between themselves and Indian peasantry, so they were guaranteed property and some were given rewards for their loyalty. However, the fading relationship between the working peasants and their landowners, meant that the policy was not as successful as expected, in a long term view. The continued superior attitude of the British meant that the still viewed the Indians as a substandard people.They believed that they ‘didn't know a good thing when they saw it'. The British continued to have complete financial and political control. Alt hough more attainable, still enforced a uniformed revenue tax of 10% and introduced paper currency through the country. This then ended majority of barter trade. The British presence in India changed immensely after the mutiny. It changed on many levels affecting the people in social, cultural, financial, political and occupational aspects of their lives due to the changing nature of the company.

Psy240 Final Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay

You are interviewing for a psychologist position with a top company. After your face-to-face interview with the team, they have provided you with two additional assignments—Part A and Part B below, which will complete the interview process: * Part A: A psychologist understands how biology can affect psychological activities and disorders. In your interview, you are asked about your understanding of the causes and treatment(s) of schizophrenia. In your reply, discuss the following: * Areas of the brain affected * Causal factors * Associated symptoms * The neural basis * Appropriate drug therapies * Part B: Part B of the interview consists of interpreting some case studies from a biopsychologist’s perspective. You are given four different case studies of disorders and have the option of choosing two out of the four case studies to analyze. * Write a 1,750- to 2,100-word paper in APA format containing the following: * Introduction * Part A of the interview process. * Part B of the interview process: * Choose two of the four case studies presented in Appendix A. * Discuss your understanding of the problem presented in each of the two case studies from the perspective of a biopsychologist. * Include each problem’s relation to the nature-nurture issue and any relevant portions of the Basics to Biopsychology text. * Use a minimum of five outside resources, including at least 3 peer-reviewed articles. * Apply any helpful drug interventions or solutions. * Discuss the positive or negative aspects of these drug interventions or solutions and * Conclusion

Academic Writing - Logical Fallacies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic Writing - Logical Fallacies - Essay Example The question that ‘Why don’t you love me?’ is an example of this as Marissa is assuming, by the nature of her question, that her father does not love her, asking him why he does not. As Archie (2009) notes, the assumption of the complex question can only be known from the context. Not all cases where something not generally granted is assumed are fallacious because not all such passages involve arguments. Clearly, there is no good way to respond directly to the question being posed, only to identify the presupposition or assumption of the question. A corrected version of this question might be: â€Å"If you love me, why won’t you let me use the car.† This corrected version of the question focuses back on the issue of the car, and away from whether or not her father loves her. This is an example of a straw man, which as Kahane (2005) writes, involves a misrepresentation of an opponent’s position, or a competitor’s product, or goes after a weaker opponent or competitor while ignoring a stronger one. The argument Marissa is using is an Her Dad looked at her lovingly, â€Å"No, Marissa, I don’t think you’re a child. I just don’t think it’s safe for you to take the car to a party.† She snapped, â€Å"Because it’s not safe? Well, you better take away our kitchen knives, because they aren’t safe!† example of a straw man because it misrepresents her opponent’s, her father’s position on the issue. Because the two people know each other well, Marissa can anticipate her father’s objection, which she mischaracterizes to serve her own purposes. Like an advertiser misrepresenting the competition’s products and services (Kahane), Marissa has constructed a false reality in which her opponent makes a bad argument. To correct her mistake, Marissa ought to incorporate the possibility that her father does not think she is a child by starting her sentence with an â€Å"if†, like in the following: â€Å"If you don’t think I am a child, let me take

Best seven websites in healthcare law Assignment

Best seven websites in healthcare law - Assignment Example The website is effective since it uses simple sentences that are easy to understand in breaking down the facts to its target audience. In this website, the authors criticize the affordable health care act. The website provides the audience with a detailed view of the law as it analyses its various features. The website gives divergent views and the thoughts of people. Unlike the other website, this website criticizes the laws and in doing this expands the audiences’ views on the laws. Such is a significant function that improves the enlightenment of both the electorate and the political elite. This website explains various laws in the country that affects the operation of health facilities in the country and the receipt of the services. The affordable health care act revolutionized the health care sector. The website therefore explains the various features and implications of the law in the country. The website explains the intricate features of the affordable healthcare act. The website introduces the law explaining its implications in simple language. The law seeks to increase the number of middle class Americans receiving high quality health care in the country. The law introduces new legal features that ensure that the society’s poor receive quality health care. Key among the features is accountability of the insurance service providers. In doing this, the law enlightens the populace on the responsibilities of the numerous insurance service providers in the country. New York Times is a daily news publication that covers various issues affecting the lives of the citizens. In the website, the company details numerous features of health law reforms in the United States. The website provides an informative view to various health law reforms in the country including the actions of the policy makers and the implications of such actions. The website provides a

Media Coverage of Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Media Coverage of Climate Change - Essay Example The mention of virtue is ridiculed, and even the word itself has fallen out of favor" (1928). This assignment reflects on the media coverage of climate change in United Kingdom and struggle towards exploring how British newspaper reports on climate change. There are some historical issues that have been discussed in this analytical report. It also provide with the literature review of history of climate change and how the media contributed a great deal towards communicating environmental issues. It also sheds light on how some famous newspapers of Britain reporting on climate change. According to research, if newspapers do not exaggerate it will be more meaningful and real to public. As a reporter, they need to find out how they can report the news that engage public and awake their attention rather than create havoc among them. The review of literature will look at several British newspapers related to reporting climate change. It will also shed some light on what is Climate change, what is Global Warming and how it effects the environment. Climate is the pattern of weather in a particular place, how much windy and sunshine it gets, how much rain it's going to be is all included in weather change. As we all know the world climate is all under the influence of sun. Since the beginning of the universe, the earth rotates on a tilted axis, and because of this different of the world is heated at different times making some places hotter than other and cause change in season. The change in temperature causes the change in air pressure, producing storms, hurricanes. The sun's temperature also warms up the seas unevenly which sometimes causes underwater winds. Association between atmosphere and oceans sometimes produce critical weather patterns such as El-Nino, a sort of strange weather happens every few years in the pacific. Scientists are of the view that large amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere, and hotter temperature on earth affects the climate and brings change across the whole planet. And this change is already on its way to earth in different parts of the world. But it's nothing new. Earth's climate has been changing over from the past hundreds of millions of years, sometime getting colder sometimes warmer. Climate change people talk about these days is somewhat different. Scientists believe that it is not happening naturally but our way of living and consumption is making it happen. Mostly it is caused by gradual increase in fossil fuels. Traditional or natural climate change makes the whole world hotter or cooler, whereas modern climate change is making more erratic changes all over the places, making some places hotter and some cooler. This is what Global Warming is. Global warming works according to climate change. It's all because of what people do. Earth is getting warmer year by year but not in the sense of short term. It has been happening since 1990. Since then the whole planet has warmed up upto 0.8 degrees centigrade. And it is likely that by the end of the 21st century it's going to get 2.5 degree centigrade

Learner Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching Literature review

Learner Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching - Literature review Example Furthermore, autonomy in language learning and teaching has been studied in alternative contexts, circumstances and practices (Camilleri, 1997). Among the contexts in which autonomy in linguistics has been covered in recent times are self-regulation, teacher/learner development, autonomy and motivation, and the socio-cultural theory of autonomy (Camilleri, 1997). In addition to the ever-expanding role of autonomy in educational policies and their reforms, many works have covered the developments that the philosophy of autonomy has undergone in recent times. Furthermore, this literature review suggests the possible direction for future autonomy-related/focused researches by students, lecturers and applied-linguistics researchers. This literature review will be quite useful to educators and language teachers concerned with learner training, self-accessibility and autonomous learning since it comprehensively accounts for autonomy in language learning and all the other educational practi ces related to the concept of autonomy. Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching Although a rather common term in contemporary linguistic classes and issues, autonomy is not that clearly understood by many a stakeholder. This situation is more apparent in education activities related to the acquiring of lifelong learning skills (Benson and Voller, 1997). However, many works appreciate the role of autonomy in changing age-old practices and beliefs in linguistic classes, hence the promotion of self-accessibility and participation in language learning institutions (Benson and Voller, 1997). Because of the effects of the past and recently published books and research findings and the recommended practices therein, language learning has claimed its position in the academic field and has consequently placed learners at the centre of education. The historical origins and the background of the term ‘autonomy’ in linguistics is one of its many aspects covered in the works revi ewed in this study. Most works concur that the term ‘learner autonomy’ was coined and first used by Henri Holec, regarded as the father of learner autonomy, in 1981. Though it originated from a single source, the relevant works define the term quite differently. These definitions not only depend on writers but also on their educational levels and contexts within which their books and articles are written. Among the contexts in which the definition of ‘learner autonomy’ has been defined differently are politics, education and human/social spheres (Benson and Voller, 1997). However, it is in the educational context, more so linguistics, that ‘learner autonomy’ has been covered in studies and works to a large extent. In fact, in linguistics-related literature, autonomy is portrayed both as a means and an end to learning and teaching languages. In the literature review, several definitions were common in most books. For instance, Benson and Voller (1997) define ‘learner autonomy’ as one’s capacity to take charge of his/her learning activities and processes. Other authors define ‘autonomy’ as a learner’s or a teacher’s ability to psychologically relate with the contents and processes of learning and teaching respectively (Wenden, 1998). For teachers, autonomy also implies the recognition of a learner’s rights within a learning institut

Motivation, Stress and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation, Stress and Communication - Essay Example Job Design Considerations as Human Resources Manager As a human resource manager in Home Depot, the a job design involves, which planning directing, and coordinating human resource management activities in the organization in order to increase the strategic use of human resource and maintenance of function like employee recruitment, compensation, personnel policies and regulatory compliance. The human resource manager has been charged with the responsibility of identifying staff vacancies and recruiting, interviewing and selecting applicants, allocating human resource, ensuring appropriate matches between personnel and providing current and prospective information to the employee concerning job duties, working conditions, wages, opportunities for promotion and benefits. Moreover, the HRM performs the duties of staffing, which include understaffing, refereeing, firing, administering disciplinary procedures, advising managers on matters related to equality in employee opportunity and recommending changes. Use of Goal Setting to Motivate Performance Goal setting can be applied for motivating performance through the Goal-setting theory of motivation, which was developed in 1960’s Edwin Locke, whereby it states that setting of goals is related to task performance (Lunenburg, 2001). The theory explains the specific and challenging goals and appropriate feedback that facilitates improvement in performance, since the goals offer guidance to employees concerning their needs, and the efforts that are required to achieve these objectives. These goals increase the willingness to work, thus making them a source of motivation, though there is a need for clear, particular and sophisticated goal as a motivating factor, instead of general, basic and vague goals. Therefore, the specific and clarification in the goals results to an increased performance, and goals are associated with deadlines for completion in order to avoid delays and misunderstanding. On the other hand, the goals are expected to be realistic and challenging, and it gi ves individuals a feeling of pride and triumph after attaining the set objectives, thus setting them up to achieve the next goal. In this case, a challenging goal is a substantial reward, and there is a passion associated with achieving, through appropriate feedback that guides the employees behaviors and contribute to increased performance is needed. Clarification, regulation of difficulties and attaining reputation are the purposes of feedback, and these assists the employees to work to facilitates more job satisfaction. There is a need to reinforce the increased performance through facilitates the sustenance of desired behaviors, thus creating the need for borrowing ideas from the Reinforcement theory of motivation that was proposed by BF Skinner and his associate. The theory states that the individual’s behaviors are functions their consequences and this is based on law of effect, whereby there are behaviors with positive consequence that are repeated others have negative effects, and they tend not to be repeated. The positive behaviors contribute to achievement of organizational goals while the negative behaviors reduce the efforts towards

American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American Civil War - Essay Example His ultimate goal in the campaign of 1864 was ostensibly the capture of the Confederate capital, Richmond. Every movement, position and counter attack was intended to push through the Confederate forces. Smaller Union forces under the command of Franz Siegel and Benjamin Butler attempted to carry out missions that were to cut off supplies and reinforcements from General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. While capturing Richmond would have been a great leap towards ending the war, Grant admitted in his writings that this was actually a secondary goal. The primary objective of his campaign in the spring and summer of 1864 was to wage a war of attrition against the rebel troops. He wanted to wear them down, deplete their morale and break what remained of their allegiance to the cause of the Confederacy. While Grant ultimately failed in taking Richmond during the campaign, it could be argued that he did indeed cause a serious drop in morale among Confederate soldiers by causing high rates of attrition and displaying more tenacity to win battles than any Union commander had before him (Rickard 2006). The start of the campaign began with Grant traveling with Meade and the Army of the Potomac south, in an attempt to cross the Rapidan River and travel through the Wilderness. This Wilderness had been the scene of fierce fighting one year earlier that resulted in the retreat of the Union forces back across the river. Grant was hoping that he could push through the Wilderness before Lee was able to position his troops. Lee beat Grant to the Wilderness and the forces met amid the thick brush and tangles of the forest. Lee was successful in halting the Union advance, but Grant showed considerable determination by refusing to retreat back across the river. Instead, he withdrew from the Wilderness and tried to march around Lee’s army. Grant set his sights on obtaining control of a railroad junction near a village known as

Analysis of the Fast Food Industry Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Fast Food Industry Essay Introduction Airline industry is the topic I researched in this analysis. Companies in this industry provide scheduled domestic and international passenger transportation, mail and freight transportation. Major US companies include American Airlines, Delta, Southwest, and United Continental, as well as the air operations of express delivery companies such as FedEx and UPS. The industry key survival factors are efficient operations, reliability of services, and safety. The drivers of change are internet economy, globalization, and low cost competition. Based on the key survival factors and drivers of change, large companies enjoy economies of scale in purchasing and the ability to provide more extensive services. Small airlines can compete by serving local or regional routes. All the information was collected from online journals, news, and research and report papers. The sources include industry reports such as Hoover, Bloomberg, and Forbes. The data was organized by folders and then summarized into Words before putting in the paper. Each source was written in a separate Word file every time it was used. The analysis uses the Porter’s 5 forces and PEST analysis. Key Survival Factors In airline industry, demand depends highly on the health of the economy, which affects spending on business and leisure air travel. Since many costs are fixed, efficient operations act as a core factor to determine the profitability of airlines companies. The basic operations of airlines include acquiring and maintaining airplanes and airport facilities, acquiring passengers and/or freight, managing staff, and operating flights. The flight equipment (airplanes) that an airline uses is crucial to efficient operations. The next key survival factor for airline industry is safety. Air traffic is growing rapidly, airports are more congested, and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"with two million passengers in the United States boarding more than 30,000 flights every day, maintaining that safety record will be a challenge.† Therefore, all airline companies should have a procedures encompassing the theory, investigation, categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulatio n, education, and training. The company could have lost the public image if they don’t have a procedure in advance to response quickly enough in case of emergency. Last but not least, reliability of service is another key survival factor for airline industry. A positive public image could be developed among customers due to a reputation for reliable services, which can lead to more repeat business. Reliability in the airlines industry includes: reports of mishandled baggage, the on-time arrival of flights, involuntary boarding denials from overbooking flights, and passenger complaints. Those airlines that are able to control these elements could provide better service to the customer, and thus offer more reliable service. Drivers of Change The internet and e-commerce has completely altered the airlines distribution (the booking and ticketing of passengers for air travel). Nowadays, travelers can book e-tickets on their flights through the airlines’ websites or a third-party website. This has allowed airlines to eliminate paperwork, reduce operational expenses, and bypass travel agent commissions. Moreover, the potential in the global travel market makes airlines companies focus more on globalization. To facilitate international growth, U.S. airlines are lobbying for â€Å"open skies† treaties between the U.S. and other nations. These treaties are bilateral agreements that essentially deregulate travel between the involved countries, thus opening up certain markets to competition. â€Å"The U.S. currently has signed more than 60 open skies treaties with nations around the globe.† Finally, the rise of the low-cost carriers has forced a change in the competitive environment of the air travel industry. Southwest, and JetBlue implement low-cost strategies that allow them to offer relatively low airfares. These low fares change the entire industry and force rivals to lower their costs and decrease their fares in order to stay competitive. Overall Assessment The airline industry is currently not very attractive. Both business and  tourist travel are reduced when the economy slows. â€Å"Global aviation traffic typically rises and falls at twice the pace of economic output, so a change in the economy can double the impact for airlines.† Because of relatively high fixed costs of airplanes, airport facilities, and labor, airlines cant easily adjust to reduced passenger traffic. Based on the financial results on Hoover’s database, the industry has a very low growth rate of personal consumption expenditures as of 2014, and it was forecasted to grow at an annual compounded rate of 4 percent between 2014 and 2018. Works Cited Mouawad, Jad, and Christopher Drew. Airline Industry at Its Safest Since the Dawn of the Jet Age. The New York Times. The New York Times, 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. . Competitive Environment of the Airline Industry. Competitive Environment of the Airline Industry. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. . Good times for the Airline Industry. The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 27 Dec. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. . Fulton, Jeff. Airline Industry Key Success Factors. EHow. Demand Media, 29 July 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. .

Everyday Use Analysis Essay Example for Free

Everyday Use Analysis Essay â€Å"Everyday Use† is a short story by â€Å"Alice Walker†, it is a disdainful short story. A story about two sisters and a mom, that the two girls are totally different. Also teaching to stand up for what you want. This story is about a mom and a girl called Maggie that they live alone because the older sibling moved out. In the story Maggie and the mother have not seen how much Dee has changed in over six years. Dee in the short story sees that her sister Maggie and her mother have not change throughout these six years not a bit. In the story Dee and Maggie are examples of foil characters. Maggie is the very shy and polite one out of her and Dee. Maggie was the character that lived with mama, during the story it says that Maggie was burned in a house fire. This character is a character that would just blend into the background because of how shy she was, she wouldn’t talk to much; so she would rather just blend in with the surroundings. Maggie was a foil character because her and mama didnt change nothing throughout the six years that passed, while Dee did change a lot; throughout those six years. Maggie is a good hearted kid, she would rather let Dee have the quilts that were promised to her, instead of fighting over them. Dee is sisters with Maggie in this story, she is the character who is very impolite, or that does things her way. Dee is the only educated character; it says in the short story that she left so that she could be educated. Dee is noticed as a character that does whatever she wants, and have it go her way. One example is that, Dee wears a brightly colored, yellow-and-orange, ankle-length dress that is inappropriate for the warm weather. This shows that she would wear anything she wants even if its inappropriate in any way. In the story mama wouldn’t let Dee have the quilts, and she became furious. This another example that she is very stubborn, because in the end she keeps the quilts. In this story i learned that being generous and polite will get you farther in life, but if you’re stubborn, and impolite you won’t get as far in life.

A Review of Coulters South During Reconstruction

A Review of Coulters South During Reconstruction Sean Mooney To start, Coulters The South During Reconstruction is an in depth analysis of the Southern United States (Confederate States of America, 1861-1865) following the end of the Civil War, the 8th installment of Coulters series A History of the South. The author, E. Merton Coulter (1890-1981), is a Georgia native and a Professor and Historian of the south for University of Georgia. Hes been described as a writer with purpose and a teacher with purpose. (Bailey, 2015). His qualifications come from his time as a professor for the University of Georgia with a very extensive course on the history of the Southern United States pre 1900s. However, his credibility as an author took a minor blow in the mid 1960s with his book Negro Legislators in Georgia During the Reconstruction Period which casted the African-American legislators at the time as unmitigated villains (Bailey, 2001). This, which shall be highlighted further in the review, is considered common in Coulters writing as a Southern scho lar. Coulters book contains a chapter by chapter analysis of different functions and effects of the economy post Civil War and during reconstruction. Chapters I-III titled Cost of War, The Way Back, and Short Cut to Civilization, discuss the beginning costs of the war and employ the use of numbered statistics, showing the true cost and how much the south was affected while offering some side points from the side of civics and community. This group of chapters first discusses primarily the cost and levels of destruction, state by state, such as Alabama claimed destruction amounting to $300,000,000. (2, 4) and begins to discuss the destruction of the Southern railway system claiming, Two thirds of the Souths railroads were utterly destroyed (3, 6). However, the book is sometimes written from personal views and beliefs. Chapter V can be regarded as one of the more interesting chapters, a chapter dedicated to The Negro as Laborer and Landowner. (92). Here, Coulter can be seen as showing his t rue colors, highlighting his opinions of negro landowners and freedman stating Basically the freedman did not like to take orders that reminded him of slavery The hardest work before the North now is to teach the Negro what constitutes his freedom. (93, 4). Next, elaborating on the authors qualifications, the book actually does not contain an expected bibliography. Coulter chose not to create a list of source material, instead the bibliography is replaced with what the author notes a Critical Essay on Authorities He explains the meaning behind the change, stating No attempt is made here to compile either an exhaustive or an ideal list of items, but rather to indicate with some evaluation what was examined in writing this volume. (392, 1). The essay offers an extensive outlook on the groups of materials used in the making of the book. These materials are arranged in collections pertaining to their function, such as Manuscripts and Government Documents, (392, 393). On the issue of credibility, many of the statistics found seem to have come from a personal recollection from manuscripts of soldiers, generals, and politicians as well as the census from 1860 to 1880.[1] However, using personal manuscripts without offering the authors credenti als or credibility leaves room for doubt and skepticism on how accurate the account is. What should also be taken in account with this use of these materials is the time they came from, where race was regarded in a very different way, leading to a one sided account of history in favor of the white and not the colored enslaved at the time or those affected by the Civil Rights movement a century later. Next, to summarize the contents of this review in a few words, good intentions with poor execution. South During Reconstruction could be a very promising book with a magnificent story of the south to tell while analyzing the socioeconomic impact of the Confederate states. For a man who writes the Southern Point of View as a scholar. (Cotterill, n.d.), Coulter leaves me wanting for more. One of the more pinnacle and turbulent pieces of history the story of this land can offer goes semi untold in this book, leaving a taste of what the book could be, readers such as myself yearning for a better taste. Nowadays a history book made and published in 1958 would not exactly be as accurate as a modern day book. Now, the unfortunate fact about Coulter is he is considered by some as a Confederate Apologist, and has been revealed to be a racist. One man has described Coulter as a conservative, racist, unreconstructed southerner who defends Southern racist policies and practices (Smith, n.d.) This brings in question the true accuracy of the information provided in the book. The reasoning is the majority of the book is written by the War of Northern Aggression standpoint which humanizes the Confederacy and dehumanizes the North. Even then, Coulters history of Reconstruction was already obsolete by the time it was released. Coulter did not test his claims and research by diving into the research and material available. Instead, he told the old story of a liberated people worse off for being on their own and adamant, and of nefarious carpetbaggers and scalawags manipulating them to engender a blackout of veracious regime. Dismissing Ku Klux Klan violence, Coulter claimed that nothing went right u ntil the Souths natural rulers were put back in charge. Coulter rather hoped that his contribution would come in shifting the subject to something less exhaustively covered, by inditing a gregarious history of the South, the magnification of cities, and the habits of white Southerners. In this he came up with plenty of information, but not by utilizing the materials court records, probated wills, diaries and journals, manuscript census returns, a history relying largely on conservative bigoted accounts without dipping into a larger database of the souths history and culture. As a scholar and a professor, you would expect Coulter to teach an unbiased and neutral stanced view of history without being tied down to banal Southern policies and statutes. Instead the University of Georgia professor ties himself down to outdated bigoted Southern beliefs and traditions with chauvinism and pride to the land of Ol Dixie. To conclude, what makes the book worth a read is the dramatic contrast on how we write history today and how we wrote it yesterday. But on the contrary we can see thats where the book keeps some charm. Instead of being a source for analysis, the book can be used as a source for preservation. The preservation of old bigoted policies, the preservation of what was once the true face of the south, a dark and vicious spot in American history that is not to be forgotten, but heeded and preserved, to see how weve progressed and grown as a nation. Works Cited Bailey, Fred Arthur. E. Merton Coulter (1890-1981). New Georgia Encyclopedia. New Georgia Encyclopedia, 05 Aug. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. Bailey, Fred Arthur, E. Merton Coulter, in Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations, ed. Glenn Feldman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001). Cotterill, R. S. THE SOUTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION. Louisiana State Law School. LSU, n.d. Web. Coulter, E. Merton., and Wendell Holmes. Stephenson. The South during Reconstruction: 1865-1877. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State U, 1991. Print. Smith, John David. E. Merton Coulter, the Dunning School, and The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky. Digital image. Journal Store. Kentucky Historical Society, n.d. Web. [1] Covers the books range of pre reconstruction (before 1865) and after reconstruction (1865-1877)

The Puzzling Message of Figure in the Carpet :: Figure in the Carpet Essays

The Puzzling Message of Figure in the Carpet At the beginning of "The Figure in the Carpet", the main character considers the criticism of literature to be a career, something he does for money. "I had done a few things and earned a few pence" (p. 357), declares the narrator in the opening line. He says later in the paragraph that having an advanced copy of a prominent novel to review was desirable because it would advance his career: "Öand whatever much or little it should do for his reputation I was clear on the spot as to what it should do for mine." (p. 357) The character sees Vereker's work as a vehicle to advance his career. There seems to be little excitement as to the content of Vereker's work, the reader is never given even so much as the subject matter of a Vereker novel. Instead, all of the focus of the opening scenes is directed towards the narrator's struggle to become a renowned critic. Henry James is contrasting the practice of literary criticism with the ideal of what literary criticism should be. Even the characters that seem to be in the purest pursuit of Vereker's great secret, Corvick and Gwendolen, will not share it with their friends. When they discover it, they all want to publish it for themselves. Vereker himself seems to hold the literary critics in the book in contempt, citing their lack of vision. Vereker speaks to the narrator at several points in the novel, "You miss it, my dear fellow, with inimitable assurance; the fact that your being awfully clever and your article's being very awfully nice doesn't make a hairs breadth of difference." (p.365) The work of a literary critic in Vereker's eyes is to find the figure in the carpet. Which is to say that what a literary critic and readers of literature should do is to look for a deeper meaning or context in works of literature. Vereker is upset because the critics fail to grasp the deeper meaning in his works. James himself must have been quite upset at the critics of his day. Influential critics can make or break a writer. More than anyone else, critics can sway how people perceive the work of an author. As James illustrates in the story, critics are not to be trusted as authority.

NHL Players Moving West :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NHL Players Moving East   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was deemed official this past weekend that the NHL will be on lockout due to the new salary cap the league wants to enforce. The players in the league have a different outlook this year as well and it involves moving east. Hockey players in the NHL get 75% of the revenue the league makes and it is very obvious that this current situation is not going to last. There is no way to fund the league if the players are making all of the money. So what happens now? Ratings are very low, the league is not m   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  September 21, 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current Events Paper arketable right now, and expansion has hurt rather than cured many of the problems in the NHL. That is why the NHL is trying to come to an agreement to place a cap in the league in order to make some much-needed revenue. The players are not having this new idea, and they are now welcoming a different home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More than 150 players have signed to play in the European leagues. Jaromir Jagr has agreed to play in the Czech Republic for a team named Kladmo. Marcus Naslund has agreed to play in Sweden for Modo. Llya Kovalchuk has signed with AK Bars Kazan in Russia. These are just a few names, but other players are already signed as well and are playing games as we speak. The Russian league has signed 33 NHL players, the Swedish league has signed 30 NHL players, the Czech league has signed 47 NHL players, and the Finnish and Slovakia leagues both signed nine NHL players apiece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So how can this current situation be resolved? There are few options right now, which makes it seem like this is really going to hurt the league economically. Most of the players in the league have a lockout clause in their contracts making this problem easy for them to deal with. All they have to do is wait out this lockout while being involved with a different league and when the lockout is over they can automatically resume their previous positions in the NHL. This situation however, is not going to be resolved that easily. If the players do not agree to have a salary cap in the NHL then there is not quite an alternative. Where can the league make up this money? If there were a bigger demand for the sport than there would not be a problem.

Culture Makes Better Future Essay

Culture is sort of like history or evolution. People make the mistake of assuming history has a purpose or that evolution has a purpose. But in reality, history is just an aggregate of facts and opinions about the past. History, or the march of civilization, has no direction, no goal. Yes, we seem to be â€Å"improving† ourselves by certain metrics but that isn’t an a priori requirement. Evolution is also not striving towards any particular direction. We are not at the cutting edge of evolution in any sense. If in a million years, the organism that can survive on Earth best is an amoeba, then amoebae will be the dominant species on the planet. It’s not a better or worse situation (except maybe for us), it just is. Similarly it is not culture’s job to create a better future. What does â€Å"better† even mean? Better for whom? At what cost for other entities? I imagine some cultures might like to take things slow and enjoy life, while others might believe in long work hours and competitiveness. Who’s the arbiter of better or worse here? Some culture might devalue women to the extent that it loses too many of them and isn’t able to effectively propagate itself, effectively dying out. I’m sure people from that culture wouldn’t be happy about that, although it’s â€Å"good† in some universal sense. Culture exists to propagate itself, not to do any good or bad for the people who follow it. My thoughts here are more or less para-phrasings of the discussion on ‘memes’ from ‘The Selfish Gene’. Culture at best, creates a feeling of societal cohesion, a generalized patriotism that can compel its members to perform better against other cultures. I don’t think it makes any sense in asking if culture is good for youth and country because that assumes that there is an alternative to culture, a state of diminished culture, or non-culture. That’s not going to happen ever. Culture doesn’t allow a vacuum to exist; something always rushes in to take up the empty space. You might mean instead mean to ask about the importance of a country’s indigenous culture for that country’s progress, in the context of foreign culture having undesired influences. To that I say, let the fittest survive. I don’t believe in feeling guilty or upset about, for example, Indian culture becoming westernized. If a culture is strong enough, it’ll adapt itself to new challenges. If not, too bad. Just like there have been millions of species that are now extinct, and also millions more than can arise given the appropriate conditions on Earth– culture, like life, will always be around in some form or the other. And just like you can’t say that any particular bird or animal or virus is â€Å"better† for nature, you really just can’t discuss how culture is â€Å"better† for our future.

Book The First Of Hard Times Essay

In book the first of Hard Times, Dickens introduces many different philosophical ideas that many believed in, in the time of Dickens’ life in England. Towns were developing around coalmines and the blast furnaces took over farming as the main employer of labour. Roads and canals were built to connect industrial areas with cities. One of these industrial areas is, in the book, Coketown. As more public buildings developed, living conditions in towns and cities decreased. Most were cramped, damp, and poorly heated and much malnutrition and disease started to spread all over the country. Dickens used his writing to show his readers what was behind the gleaming concealment of Victorian society. Behind these forces was Utilitarianism, a philosophy that emphasised the practical usefulness of things. This meant that art, imagination, play and entertainment were not valued because they had no practical use. Dickens believed that all these things that made human beings diverse, interesting, free creative, happy and warm hearted were being driven out by the values of a factory system geared only to productivity and profit. Dickens satirised abuses of the utilitarian theory. In book the first, facts and figures are introduced right at the beginning. An authoritative voice is laying down the law. ‘Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts’ The speaker’s appearance is described as his voice is ‘inflexible, dry and dictatorial’; his hair is ‘bristled’. These descriptions give us emphasis to the importance this person places on facts. The children resemble rows of: ‘†¦ and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. ‘ The speaker stresses facts, but the narrator is fanciful, turning factual details into metaphors. ‘The square forehead is a wall’ ‘Eyes are curves’ ‘His hair is a plantation of firs’ These suggest that Dickens try’s to make the speaker’s appearance fanciful when the speaker’s whole life is based around facts and figures. There is much repetition that seems to mock the idea of sticking to facts in a lively way. ‘†¦ Square coat, square legs, square soldiers. ‘ Dickens is trying to suggest that his appearance as well as his personality is factual and he has no fancy in him. Much of the plot arises from the speaker’s (later we find out his name is Mr Gradgrind) determination to teach his own children according to his ‘system’ of facts and no feeling or imagination. ‘This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. ‘ When he boasts about it on the first page he is ironically unaware of how much sorrow is to be reaped and garnered from this teaching. This factual life stands for a whole view of life, which the novel will condemn.

Organization Behaviour Case Study

Executive summaryIn this report, a case of Morgan-Moe’s drug stores will be studied. The company is suffering from a difficult economy situation, with stores being downsized and employees being dismissed. There is a huge problem concerning employee motivations. Therefore, the human resource team decided to change the management system, and they had conducted an experiment to test five newly designed programs. The outcome is analyzed based on sales revenues and employment turnover rate, and the most effective programs are selected accordingly.At the same time, critical thinking is applied in this report. The process of the experiment is reviewed, and several factors are added into the consideration. Meanwhile, both practical and theoretical information is provided relating to the changing workforce, the importance of goal and directions, the construction of organizational culture, the employ involvement and empowerment, the changing resistance, as well as the justice and fairne ss of work place. Through these further analyses, a more comprehensive management system is suggested to Morgan-Moe’s drug company.Background informationMorgan-Moe’s drug stores used to be the leading company in the retail industry with the firm owning hundreds of stores. However, there has been a dramatic declining in revenues recently based on a sharp decrease in the region’s manufacturing economy. The company used to consider high-margin items as their major product, but they have to switch their focus on low-margin commodities, and therefore the profit has been fallen rapidly. Out of frustration, the company has to cut down the number of stores, and dismiss the employees.As the business going worse, there are some negative influences on the employees. Because of the insecurity of their jobs, employees had formed a pessimistic attitude against their daily work. Besides, the lack of advanced notice and communication, as well as the unsatisfied severance paymen ts for departing employees, had caused the laid-off employees to have a radical emotion of angry. In this way, the working efficient of the daily operation was weakened, and the public image of the company has also been damaged.To deal with the changes and to solve those problems, Jim Claussen, vice president of Human Relations, determined to set a new direction for the company, and the human resource management team decided to transform their performance management system. In order to come up the most effective management system, the HR team had come up with five options for the company, and each individual manager of the store is able to choose the most appropriate approach for their management purposes. An experiment had been conducted, and the results are analyzed in details in the following report.Experiment approachAs mentioned above, there are five programs designed for this experiment (listed in the following table), and those programs can be considered as the variables. Pro gram one is designed to be the same as the previous system, with sharing little or no information; program two and three provide employees with information that is controllable (sick leave) or uncontrollable (sales and inventory replacement); and program four and five engage employees into the decision making process with employees providing suggestions for a better performance.Program No. ContentProgram 1Continues to stay the course and providing employees with little to no information or opportunities for participation.Program 2Tracks employee absence and sick leave and shares that information with individual employees, giving them feedback.Program 3Tracks sales and inventory replacement rates across shiftsProgram 4Tracks the same information as Programs II and III. Managers communicate it in weekly bases, during which employees make suggestions for improving performanceProgram 5Keeps the idea of brainstorming, but doesn’t provide employees with information about their beha vior or company profits To achieve a comprehensive analysis of this experiment, we need to identify what the independent and dependent variables are. According to Sechrest (1982), independent variables refer to factors of input which are able to be controlled, while dependent variable indicates the output or outcome which is determined by the dependent variable.In this case, the independent variables rely on both the management and employee perspectives. Analyzing from the management perspective, the information sharing level, the empowerment level and management style will all have an influence on the outcomes. On the other hand, factors of employees should also be considered as independent variables. For example, the employment age, their positions in the company, the working condition or location will all affect the experiment results.Our dependent variables focus on the outcome of those programs that we want to measure, and it can be classified as the average turnover rate, the sales profit, and the monthly staff cost time. Those dependent variables are determined by the independent variables, and the change of each independent variable will have an influence on the dependent variables and experiment outcomes.Finding and discussionThe experiment was conducted within 299 retail stores, and the results are listed in the appendix. As can be observed, program four and five should be regarded as the most effective methods in generating revenues and reducing turnover.First, we will focus on the revenue and cost aspects. As listed in the  following chart, program one and two have a relatively low profit per month, which indicates that the sales revenue of stores using program one and two is lower than those applying program four and five. In other words, stores which engage employee into the decision making process are able to generate more sales revenues in general. It can be seen that employee’s suggestions could help the company to increase the profit and achieve a better performance.Even though program four and five had generated the highest revenue during the experiment, they also caused the highest cost of staff time. On the other hand, since program one did not need to make any changes, there will be no staff cost. Staff cost means that the employees had to take some of their regular working hours into the information sharing and brainstorm meeting, so that the opportunity cost of those hours must be considered as well. Therefore, we need to deduct those costs from the revenue to get the net profit for each program. As can be seen from the following chart of net profit, program four and five still have a relatively higher profit of $9,580 and $11,250 than the other programs after remove the staff time cost from the revenues.Another measurement is the employee turnover rate, which represents the percentage of employees who either quit or terminate their jobs. To maintain the experienced employees and to reduce the time cost o f training newly recruited members, it is better for the company to keep a lower employee turnover rate. According to the experiment result listed in the following chart, program four and five have a relatively lower rate of employee turnover of 17% and 21%.On the other side, program three has the highest turnover rate, following by program one. It can be figured out based on the results that a high level of employee engagement into the decision making process will have a positive influence to reduce the employee turnover rate. If the employee’s opinions and ideas are encouraged and respected in the company, they are more willing to dedicate themselves into their working process.As analyzed above, it is obvious that methods four and five are superior to the other methods, because they generated higher profits and lower employee turnover rates. On the contrary, program one is the least effective management system with regarding to a lower sales profit and a higher employee tur nover rate. In this way, the company should be encouraged to modify their current management system, and systems like program four and five should be promoted to engage the employees into the decision making process.However, there are some concerns regarding to the experimental approach. In this experiment, each manager was able to select the program which they think might be the most appropriate for the retail store. As can be seen in the following pie chart, almost one third of the managers choose program one which is to keep the status quo. Even though a relatively large number of managers choose not to change, it does not necessarily mean program one is a better solution. However, more than half of the managers are willing to bring changes into the organization and to offer empowerment to employees. Meanwhile, program four and five are approved to be the more effective methods based on the experiment results, so the majority of managers agreed with our conclusion.Based on variou s management styles, managers would have different preferences, and therefore it is possible that the decisions were made with personal biases. In this way, the impartiality of the experiment would be negatively affected. To monitor the fairness of the experiment, a randomly assigned strategy could be recommended instead of the self-selection process. Critical analysisApart from the data and information that has been collected in this experiment, there are some other issues for the managers to consider. It is universally known that the world is continuously changing, and if a company wants to be the leading organization in the rapidly changing environment, it has to be adaptive and creative to fit into the new situation.In this case, the manager had made his effort adapting to the current situation by designing the different programs. However, the requirement of  diversified workforce (Langton, 2012) should also be seen as one of the new realities. In is undeniable that the employ ment of experienced workforce is more dependable than young workers, because they have accumulated more professional knowledge about the work.However, in the current unpromising economic situation, the company might want to hire more diversified workforces. It will not only serve the different need of various customers, but also could generate more fresh ideas during the brainstorm meeting. Meanwhile, with diversified workforce, the employees will generally increase their skills and capabilities by sharing their knowledge.Apart from adapting to the changing situations, the organizational goal and direction are also essential when making organizational decisions and motivating employees. Specific and achievable goals could improve employee’s performance and help the management process. According to Langton (2012), a well-designed company goal is able to provide a direction for employee’s actions, regulate their behavior and efforts, as well as increase their persistence during their working process. Meanwhile, goals and directions are also able to stimulate the development of administrative strategies, and it will dramatically increase the motivation of employees. Accordingly, the Morgan-Moe’s drug stores should primarily design a specific goal to direct the employment behaviors.As Lencioni (2012) represented in his book, once a company has accomplished setting their mission and goals, which he refers to as the â€Å"clarity†, those directions must be emphasized and reinforced during the daily basis of the operation process. In other words, the tasks and jobs assigned to employees must be designed based on the major objective and goal of the company. Meanwhile, award and appreciation systems should be provided to employees to promote their motivations. Fairness and equity must be considered when offering employees rewards, and the rewards should be in alliance with organizational goals and personal performance.In addition to organiza tional goals and objectives, organizational culture and value should also be created as a core factor within the organization. A satisfying culture could get employees to be engaged into the organization,  and it will also have a positive influence in the employee’s job satisfactory level, which might lead to a higher level of motivation. As showed in the following chart (Round the Clock Resources, 2012), a sustainable organization should build up a solid system around an appropriate working culture, with other aspects constitute a framework guiding the business process.At the same time, employment involvement and empowerment strategies must be implemented within the organization. Those strategies suggest a company to move some of the power from managing level into the general employee level, which indicates that employees should be inspired and encouraged into the decision making process. Based on Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory (Langton, 2012), employees shoul d be given greater responsibilities and more power to plan and control their work, and their motivation would be increased.As in this experiment, program four and five are designed with empowerment activities, they engage employees into the brainstorm meeting to communicate the current situation and to generate ideas and suggestions of what they can do to for a better development of the company. Judging by the results, it is testified that giving employees more responsibility is able to improve the sales profit, reduce employment turnover rate and increase the overall performance level of the organization.When bring changes into an organization, not all employees are willing to embrace the transforming. There will be a resistance power caused by the fear of the unknown and uncertain future. As Torben Rick (2011) illustrates with his â€Å"change cycle†, employees will experience several stages before they finally accept the conditions.During the changing process, it is signif icant for managers to have a clear communication with the employees, and the directions must be clear and precise, so that the employees understand the current situation and their expectations. Meanwhile, managers must be fair and impartial to maintain the organizational justice, in which way a satisfied working environment could  be established, and the employees are trusted and they will be more committed to the organization. Conclusion and recommendationAccording to the experiment results, program four and five are considered to be most effective because they are able to generate relatively higher net profits and lower employment turnover rates. It means a regular brain storm meeting is beneficial for the improvement of organizational performance and employment engagement. Therefore, managers should actively encourage employees to be involved into the decision making process.However, considering the current business situation, the managers should also embrace more diversified w orkforce, and different kinds of employees should be hired. Besides, a clear goal and direction should also be created by the management level to guide the behavior of employees. Apart from that, a favorable organizational culture should also be established to form an instructional working environment. At the same time, actions of employ involvement and empowerment should also be taken to increase motivation and employment responsibilities. During the management process, organizational justice and fairness should also be paid attention to, so that employee will be committed to the organization.

Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy:

Democratic change and the change to democracy: cycle chapter 2, I learned that change drives the world, leaders drive change and change requires partners. Together we can develop vital change and conflict management skills and processes, we can facilitate the resolution of disputes, and empower ordinary people to participate In decision making at the local and national level. A more stringent definition of democracy demands more than Just fair elections. It defines a liberal democracy or also known as a full democracy In a littoral system In which most of the governments officials are elected.The free speech and free press help ensure that democratic governments are accountable to their citizens In a way that authoritarian regimes are not. However, full liberal democracy requires free contested elections, respect for call liberties, and support for pluralism in society. Some scholars argue that any definition of democracy is incomplete ( Handel 2009 pig 30 Developing countries have p layed a notable role in our history. The third wave darted in the late ass's and started winding down by the twenty first century.Third wave transitions were most dramatic in the former Soviet union and eastern European allies. This brought the cold war to an end. Many East Asian dictatorship mostly South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia and Singapore enjoyed spectacular economic success from the uses through the late sass's.

Goldman Sach's Forecast for BRIC Economies Assignment

Goldman Sach's Forecast for BRIC Economies - Assignment Example 2000, p.42). In stark contrast to the position in the United States, the Japanese economic 'miracle' has been founded on principles completely alien to classic economic theory. Where the free play of market forces dictates vigorous competition, the Japanese economy is managed on the basis of consensus; where the Anglo-American model prescribes minimal government intervention, the Japanese economy flourished precisely because the state has intervened massively to safeguard domestic markets from foreign competition and to support the establishment, growth and export potential of key industry sectors, including the advanced technology sectors. If the break-up of the Soviet Union constitutes the most dramatic development of the post-Second World war era, arguably the most significant has been the gradual but steady evolution of the European integration (Anderson et al. 2000, p.62). The establishment of the European single market in January 1993 superseded the laws of the first 12 member states and it has been estimated that 60 million border-crossing regulations were abolished. As of 1996, the total 15 country GDP had increased by some $150 billion and employment rose by some 300,000-900,000 (Anderson et al. 2000, p.64). Unfortunately, as Goldman Sachs put it, these three of the world's largest economies may look quite differe... If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICs economies together could be larger than the G6 in US dollar terms. By 2025 they could account for over half the size of the G6. Of the current G6, only the US and Japan may be among the six largest economies in US dollar terms in 2050 (Wilson and Purushothaman 2003, p.1). This article briefly presents the implications BRIC countries have to face if they are to realize Goldman Sachs' prediction by 2050. this article will also deal on some of the BRICs' potential that would aid them to be the next economic superpowers. The Context of BRIC Countries Wilson and Purushothaman (2003, p.4) state that the progress of the BRICs will be critical to how the world economy evolves. If these economies can fulfill their potential for growth, they could become a dominant force in generating spending growth over the next few decades. Another characteristic of the BRIC countries' economic development is that generally their economic growth has fluctuated more strongly than has been the case for the developed countries. This tendency magnifies the significance of the BRIC countries to the global economy, since the fluctuations in their growth explain a relatively larger share of the global cyclical fluctuations than their economic weight would indicate (Jensen and Larsen 2004). Taking each of the BRIC economies briefly, the following are the implications that each country would experience if they are to attain the Goldman Sachs' prediction: Brazil. Over the next 50 years, Brazil's GDP growth rate will average by 3.6%. The size of Brazil's economy will overtake Italy by 2025; France by 2031; UK and Germany by

Reasons behind the variations in primary commodity prices Essay

Reasons behind the variations in primary commodity prices - Essay Example As noted by Donald(5), although there has been a gradual downward trend in the prices of real commodity in the last decade, this has little policy concern since it is insignificant and ruled by the price variability. The volatility has had more effects; it has made a policy change to changes in primary commodities more complicated for both consumers and producers (Lichts. pp. 34). United States joined the league of ethanol producers in the year 2005. The ethanol production increased significantly. According to the Lichts (pp. 36) ethanol production in US was estimated to be 52.6 billion liters in 2011which was an increase from 49.2 billion liters in 2010 and up from 6.17 billion 2000. The statistics show how the US has grown to be a major producer of ethanol. In fact, United States and Brazil accounted for 87.1 % of the world ethanol production in 2011. The fact that ethanol meets renewable energy needs makes it a popular commodity in both countries (Association pp. 10). Ethanol production has been projected to continue to grow significantly over the subsequent years. This followed a policy by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 which required US to have at least 36 billion of renewable energy by 2022. There are two major sources of ethanol in US: the corn and the cellulosic feedstocks ranging at 15 % and 16 % respectively. Historically, most of the ethanol produced in the US has been produced from corn (Micola pp28). Despite the success of ethanol as alternative energy source, there has been a concern about its source that is mainly corn. In the effort to increase ethanol production, a large tract of arable land has been converted to corn farming denying other farming activities an opportunity. Besides, corn production has had a big impact on the production and supply of the grains affecting even international prices. According g to the statistics, the prices of primary commodities have verified over

Question 1 (75 marks) Last month, four friends, Rachel, Monica, Essay

Question 1 (75 marks) Last month, four friends, Rachel, Monica, Phoebe, and Joey acquired the freehold estate to Central Farm fr - Essay Example Moreover, in any contract for the sale of freehold land, there is a presumption that the contract will automatically include everything which legally constitutes â€Å"land†4. Accordingly, whether or not Barry was entitled to remove the sign depends on whether the sign can validly constitute land or whether it constituted a chattel, which doesn’t fall within the scope of â€Å"land†5. The classic definition of a fixture is anything which is physically (but not necessarily legally) removable and makes a permanent improvement to the land6. Conversely, a chattel is an item brought onto the land, which doesn’t become part of the land7. The general rule regarding fixtures is that whatever is attached to the soil becomes part of the soil8. In determining whether the sign is fixture or a chattel, it will be necessary to apply the two factual tests as extrapolated by Blackburn J in the case of Holland v Hodgson9, namely the degree of annexation test and the purpos e of annexation test. The degree of annexation test requires that the object be fastened to or connected with the land in some way for there to be a presumption that it is a fixture10. For example, in the case of Hamp v Bygrave11 it was held that patio lights that were attached to the wall of the house were fixtures. Moreover, if an object is not fixed, but merely rests on its own weight, there will be a presumption that it is a chattel12. If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, the sign had hung from a post, which if resting on its own weight will lead to a presumption of it being a chattel. However, the presumption can be rebutted on the basis of the purpose of the annexation test. In the case of Elitestone Limited v Morris13 Lord Clyde asserted that this test involved a consideration of â€Å"the purpose which the object is serving and not the purpose of the person who put it there14†. As such, the test is objective and is concerned with the intention of the p erson who put the object on the land. It further requires the overriding purpose of the object being the enhancement and enjoyment of the land to make a permanent improvement to the land, in order for it to be a fixture15. If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, we are not aware of the terms of the contract of sale between Barry, Rachel, Monica, Joey and Phoebe. If the contract expressly provided that the sign would remain as part of the land as a condition of sale, then removal by Barry will be in breach of contract. Alternatively, if the sign is part of the land, Barry did not have a right to remove it and Rachel, Monica, Phoebe and Joey would be able to request a return of the sign16. However, if the sign rests on its own weight, then the parties will have to rebut the presumption by demonstrating that the sign was intended to enhance the enjoyment of the land. If this can be established, the sign will form part of the land and the parties will be able to recover the sign from Barry. 2) Whether Alan is entitled to remain in Unit 2. The extent to which Alan’s rights are enforceable will depend on the nature of his rights and the enforceability of interests under the Land Registration Act 2002. If we firstly consider the factual scenario, Alan argues that he has been using Unit 2 since 2007 and pays a yearly â€Å"occupation fee†. This creates a degree of ambiguity as to whether his alleged right to use the property constitutes a licence or a lease. If the

Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Aesthetics - Essay Example Aesthetics In a midst of such diversity it’s at times easy to understand some works as form of art, while in some instances it raises serious questions as to whether some pieces and performances are forms of art. It’s in such circumstances that the art historians, curators, artists, art critics and even philosophers step in to explain why the works ought or ought not to be regarded as work of art. The diversity form of art found in museum, galleries, theatres, auditoriums and even in literature has necessitated the need for theoreticians to develop an elaborate arguments and systems on the various form of art and as to what ought to be referred as work of art. Over the years, various theoreticians have come up with various arguments and theories on what should be described as works of art. This discussion however will place its emphasis on Arthur Danto’s arguments and theories on the works of art based on his essay, `The Artworld’ and the validity of his arguments. Danto defines an art world as something that the eye cannot decry an artistic knowledge, and knowledge of the history of the art. He discuses two theories of art that is the imitation theory and the reality theory. The imitation theory depicts an art work where an artist imitates the image of the object he or she is drawing or painting. He criticizes this theory brought forth by philosophers Socrates and Hamlet.

Discussion12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion12 - Assignment Example embassies as well as the 9/11 attacks in the U.S. soil. U.S. counterterrorism efforts have led to $1 trillion being spent in unending wars. Also, overreliance on oil has led to global warming as a result of emission of green house gases from the burning of gasoline. 2. The idea of America keeping up with the war against communism cannot be ruled out in totality. Instead, I hold the opinion that America should oppose communist’s regimes that deny citizens their basic rights. It is evident that Democracy stands out as the best system of governance as it takes a way power from few individuals and gives it to the people. It is very dangerous to entrust power to just few persons as their selfish interests can drive them into risking the lives of an entire nation. For example, North Korea is a communist state whose leader, Kim Jong-un, is putting the lives of the nation at risk by manufacturing nuclear weapons. Similarly, Hong Kong has recently been protesting against poor leadership in Beijing. Unfortunately, the citizens are denied the power to choose their preferred leader as communist regimes do not provide for that. Therefore, I think United States should continue promoting democracy across the world by setting a good example of how democ racy gives the citizens power. In situations where there is extreme violations of human rights in communist state, America as the leader of the world should intervene by setting up with the right systems of government that can protect the citizens. 3. The idea of immigration into the U.S. is common because of the many opportunities that the country offers. In fact, before I came to America I always had that it is a country of great opportunities. I have come to realize that many people migrate into the U.S. year in search of better jobs, better education, and better life. However, life as an illegal immigrant is not easy as every day you are under constant watch of security officers.

Environmental effects on bacterial growth Lab Report

Environmental effects on bacterial growth - Lab Report Example The central question for the experiment was: Do environmental factors limit the growth of bacteria. Due to the comprehensive nature of the term environmental factors, I chose to carry an experiment on the effects of temperature, oxygen concentration, osmotic pressure and the availability of nutrients on the growth of bacteria, as they are the major factors that affect the growth of the organisms. My main hypothesis for the experiment was that temperature, oxygen concentration, nutrients availability, osmotic pressure could limit the growth of bacteria and the optimum growth of the organism will be achieved at temperatures of 37 degrees Celsius. This is the core reason for my preference to carry out this experiment and use the stated hypothesis. My knowledge of temperature, oxygen concentration, nutrients availability and osmotic pressure availability or absence are capable of killing most of the organisms including bacteria pushed me to carry out the experiment. Secondly, the knowledge that the bacteria that exist in the polar habitats are different from those that grows in the temperate climates with different pressure and oxygen levels also made me carry out the experiment. During the experiment, different procedures were carried out labeled from procedure A, B, C, D and E. Procedure A was to test the tolerance of bacteria for osmotic pressure, procedures C and D are to examine the use of nutrients. Procedure E was to test oxygen tolerance and use by the bacteria. For procedures A and B, the width of the streak line of growth for each organism is recorded and the rate of growth for each recorded over time. For procedures C and D that are on the use of nutrients by the organism, the turbidity level of each organism is determined qualitatively and a subjective 0-5 range over which turbidity is estimated. Procedure D is done on biofilm formation. After qualitatively determining the turbidity levels qualitatively,

Apple PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple - PowerPoint Presentation Example was exacting and uncompromising, a quality that made him difficult to work with, according to his subordinates and officers (Elliot and Simon, 2011, p. 47). Steve Jobs introduced a corporate philosophy of recognizable products and simplicity in design and use. The largest strategic uncertainty for the company is the long-term effect of the untimely death of Steve Jobs. It will be recalled that Steve Jobs was ousted from the company in 1985 but subsequently returned as its CEO in 1996 when his company NeXT was acquired by Apple, Inc. During the interim that Jobs was not with the company, Apple floundered because its products were not taking off in the market. It was only with Jobs’s return and the breakthrough with the iPod in 2001 that the company began to recover. Among the key trends and issues in the IT and electronic consumer industry, at the top is security. This is the reason why Apple has developed an operating system which is more resistant to security issues than the competitor system, Windows. Another issue is price which Apple addresses with a strategy of value for money (see individual pricing for some products in #7 below). While some products admittedly command a higher price than competitors, the price is usually justified by the quality that Apple products offer. Finally, a key trend is the rise of mobile computing and decline of the personal computer, which Apple has pioneered with its mobile products. Apple has abandoned conventional wisdom about horizontal market segmentation (i.e., differentiating different version of a product for different customers), and has instead segmented its products vertically (creating one particular product for a particular use case, such as an iPad for reading, an iPod for listening, and iPhone for apps). Apple targets a specific market and then provides a product for it with unstinting quality (Schramm, 2010). 7-Discuss the companys competitive landscape. Who are the companys direct and most

What is a professional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

What is a professional - Essay Example However, training is not adequate definition of a particular profession. Professionals exhibit strict codes of conduct, encompassing strong moral and ethical obligations. As such, there are ethical considerations that every member of a particular profession has to adhere to whenever disseminating their duties and obligations. These act as rules of conduct that members should make sure they comply with at all times. Typically, the professional associations in any particular field set and agree on the professional standards and ethics of standards guiding professionals in that particular field. Every professional must exhibit a number of qualities whenever in their respective fields. Every professional must exhibit high levels of competency, whether on the job or not. Most valuable professionals understand more than just their job; they have adequate knowledge of the industry in which their companies operate and as such have a big picture of the way in which their efforts contribute to the growth of their firms. Professionals are learners who believe that learning is a continuous process that does not end with the award of the certificate. They keep on learning new things, whether in a classroom or at the job. Interpersonal skills are yet another important quality of a professional. Regardless of the skills that an individual has in the field, it is important to have interpersonal skills as lack of these could break their career. Finally, honesty is essential for the success of a particular field. Subsequently, for a person to qualify as a professional, they must exhibit h igh levels of

African-Americans on a fighti for equality and freedom Essay Example for Free

African-Americans on a fighti for equality and freedom Essay African-Americans were taken from Africa as slaves, and have been fighting for equality and freedom ever since that day. The slaves were mistreated as nothing, they had no self-esteem, beaten, disparage, and were separated from their family. African-Americans still fight every day for different types of recognitions and fairness, even though many things changed over the centuries. The African-Americans played major roles during the Civil Rights Movement. African-Americans have struggle hard to end separation, prejudice, and seclude to be treat in a fair way and civil rights. Racial Separation, also known as Racial Segregation was a system taken from the results of white Americans to keep African Americans subservient status by controvert then equal admittance to public facilities and ensuring that black people lived separate from white people. Slaves lived far away from the wealth people houses on the plantation, only those who are special people lived in those houses. Northern whites had precluded blacks from seats on public transportation and blocked their entry exclude servants, from most hotels and restaurants, by the time the Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott versus. Sandford in 1857. According to the article in 1896, \The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforce.\(Plessy v. Ferguson 1). In another word, segregation it is not only in schools, but it is in churches, auditorium, and theaters. For example, Rosa Parks was famous for her courage to stand for her rights, and to set wherever she wanted on the bus; however, she was not the first or only one to make this chose. In addition, when Rosa Parks was approached by the bus driver to sit somewhere else, there were other African-American people sitting to her. Therefore, Rosa Parks was noticed by Dr. Martin Luther King for spoke up first history gives her credit. People were brave enough to fight for their equal rights. The bus Boycott that introduced the civil rights movement that convert apartheid of America\s southern states from a local individuality to international scandal, which started when Parks arrested stunned a chain reaction. Rosa Parks individual courage that led to the collective displayed of insubordination that transformed a previously unknown 26-year-old clergyman, Martin Luther King, into a household name. The name of Dr. MLK was recorded in history as the most well-known extremist through the years. MLK was also known as a non-violent extremist, and for modifying the philosophy from Gandhi, which was reverence not only by black race but also by all other races. What became African-American\s live by for centuries to come was the speech of MLK, \ I Have a Dream.\ Furthermore, there was the \We Shall Overcome\ speech by King in 1963. The Civil Rights Movement was defining moment at the capital by MLK. Until the day MLK was killed, he fought for the Civil Rights Movement. MLK petition to all not to discriminate. African-American men and women

Regional Security Complex Theory

Regional Security Complex Theory This chapter will provide an in-depth look at a range of theoretical approaches to the concept of energy security. It is expected by examining several theoretical approaches we will be able to determine a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes energy security. A range of academic approaches exist which can be utilised in order to understand the origins, prerequisites, and consequences of any given type of security. Throughout this chapter we will be taking the concept of energy security and firstly examining approaches to understanding it as part the existing theoretical framework. Secondly, efforts will be made to comprehend the securitization of energy as a part of broader and more contemporary political architecture. The scope of this literature review will extend to the work of founding theorists, as well as contemporary literature, journals, and reviews. 2.1 Understanding Security Since the eventful oil disruptions of the 1970s, energy security has slowly but surely assimilated itself into the key debates of IR theory (Bohi and Toman, 1996: 32). Energy security discourses are varied and volatile at the best of times. If we are to comprehend energy security, we must first have a clear understanding of how security can be approached and conceptualized. Is it a response to threat or a strategy to evade threat? Or perhaps neither? Security is a both a highly contended and heavily debated concept. Owing to its inherently multifaceted premise, it is rare now for a political article not to refer to security in some form or another (Neocleous, 2000: 11). Irony lies in the fact that our present inability to define security has, as a result, caused the international society and our interpretation of it to be less secure as a whole (Booth Wheeler: 2007: 94). What is exceedingly clear, however, is that our understanding of security and what it entails has moved well beyo nd the claim that security studies should focus only on the threat, use and control of military force (Nye and Lynn-Jones in Walt, 1991: 212). It is interesting that our understanding of security has only relatively recently been contested. We can classify security either as defensive (a response to a threat) or offensive (interaction with other actors for state gain) (Grafstein, 2002: 139-165). Traditional thinkers have conventionally classified security primarily as a defensive mechanism (i.e. power measured by war and military strength). Kenneth Waltz built further on this assumption in his book, Theory of International Politics. By suggesting that, in an anarchic international system, the incentive of every state is to put itself in a position to be able to take care of itself since no one else can be counted onto do so, he suggests security will remain an inherently defensive mechanism. Barry Buzan, on the other hand, took this further and attempted to dissect this highly complex term by questioning the very legitimacy of security itself (1997: 5-21). Buzan, Ole Wà ¦ver, and Jaap de Wilde form the foundations of the C openhagen School of security studies, which focuses on the process of securitization, regional security complexes, and sectoral security. This has conversely been criticized by those of the Critical Security Studies school of thought, which itself is set in contrast to the assumptions of neo-realism and realism. As such, we can see how security has undergone and will continue to undergo analytical re-evaluation thanks to recurrent contestation of this concept within the field of IR. As a result of this unremitting confrontation, the scope for what constitutes security has broadened significantly and developed into a dynamic yet still unbalanced concept. Thus, how might we define begin to security, and at what point does a states action, agenda or thinking become a security concern? It is useful here to refer to Buzan et al.s definition of security: It is when an issue is presented as posing an existential threat to a designated referent object (traditionally, but not necessarily the state, incorporating government, territory, and society). The special nature of security threats justifies the use of extraordinary measures to handle them (1998: 21). Conceptualizing security as such posits that if a concern is deemed to be a security issue, it must be presented to and subsequently accepted by an audience: indeed, Buzan, Wà ¦ver and de Wilde further clarify that securitization is not decided by the securitizer but by the audience (1998: 31). In adopting their understanding of securitization as a speech act, we can see how this process creates rights, obligations and responsibilities which are decided not by the securitizer but by an audience (Buzan  et al. 1998: 25-31). Taking this approach, we can apply this framework in understanding why the need to find, secure and diversify energy supplies has been construed as a leading security concern for many states. As Luft and Korin note, energy security is very much in the eyes of the beholder (2009: 1). By having a succinct critical framework for analysis, we are better able to understand the actions, reactions, and needs of states who consider their energy security to be threatened. What follows is a range of theoretical and analytical approaches for conceptualizing energy security. 2.2 A Realist Scope No IR theory accentuates the position of security more than realism, yet there is rarely a critical analysis by realists to explain what security actually means (Baldwin, 1997: 21). The presence of realism simply cannot be ignored when trying to frame the concept of energy security, and although it fails to address some of the key reasons as to why energy is a contemporary security concern, it is nonetheless a theoretical standpoint which has been synonymous with mid-twentieth century security studies (Baldwin, 1997: 9). Sustained by centuries of progressive and traditional thought, the realist stance is backed by great intellectual contributions from Rousseau, Thucydides, Hobbes and Machiavelli to name but a few (Deudney, 2011: 18). Realism is not a single theory, but a cluster of progressive theories with shared core values: Realism focuses on power struggle, national interests, competition between states, and conflict over resources. To realists, international politics is characterised by a zero-sum game: one sides gain is the other sides loss. Therefore, relations between states can only produce competition and conflicts (Bathily, 2009: 185). Realism is a state-centric theory, the classical premise of which declares that the international system is anarchic and within this system states strive for survival and cannot rely upon other states, since every state has the potential to harm through use of military force (Mearsheimer: 1994/95: 9-10). Hans Morgenthaus contributions to the realist paradigm discuss the inherently flawed nature of humans, suggesting that our innate selfishness and desire for power leaves no room for moral principles when understanding the behaviour of states (Morgenthau in Donnelly, 2000: 15-16). Donnelly further emphasises that, realism emphasizes the constraints on politics imposed by human nature (2000: 9), demonstrating that if energy security is accepted as a realist security concern, states will strive for survival by resolving this issue without concern for moral or human principles. Kenneth Waltzs development of structural realism (also referred to as neo-realism) explains the international system by identifying a central and anarchic state, then subsequently relating this object to the interaction between constituent elements of the system (e.g. states in search of survival). These components are further characterised by the balance and distribution of power; in this context, their capability and proficiency in terms of seeking survival and energy security (Waltz in Booth, 2001: 5). The fundamental approaches to energy security under Waltzs structural realism are summarised by Luft and Korin as follows: 1) States are inherently predisposed to egotism, and will therefore pursue hegemony through use of whatever powers they may possess. 2) Structural realists stress that energy commodities have historically held value beyond simply that of commercial pricing they emphasise how resources have repeatedly been used strategically as means of directing foreign policy and asserting dominance. 3) Although realists will take into account the influence of mutual cooperation and independent institutions, they also maintain that culture, history, and economic tendencies and trends do play a crucial role and cannot be ignored when understanding energy security needs and concerns (2009: 340). Approaching energy security in such a manner allows us to see why states might prioritise energy security over other concerns; however the realist paradigm has always prioritised military security in their understanding of security as a whole. Engaging with strands of realist though explains why self-interest of states and the struggle for dominance is an occurring theme in the international system, but the critical flaws of Waltzs structural realism lie in the fact that he largely discounts the importance of geography and geographical regions, while also paying little attention to technology as an influential shaping force (Deudney, 2011: 29-30). When endeavouring to find a position for energy security in a theoretical framework, it is evident that realism does not offer a fully logical and explanatory approach to the concept. As mentioned earlier, Buzan (of the Copenhagen School of security studies) deems anarchy to be the key feature within the international system, and splits security concerns into 5 categories (political, military, societal, economic, environmental); energy security, however, is not explicitly identified within these categories (Buzan, 1991: 19). Although this categorization is evidently broadening the approach to security, a prominent weakness of the theory is its inability to account for the impact of other actors and structures on securitization, while giving too much attention to how international anarchy is constructed politically. The main critic of Buzans work is Bill McSweeney, who claims that the key flaw within Buzans work is his inability to break away from the neo-realist assertion that the state is always the main object for analysis (2004: 123). 2.3 A Liberal Understanding Liberalism and security are concepts which have in recent times both clashed and contradicted each other. Hyde-Price understands this to be a result of liberalism misunderstanding the nature of power (2007: 16). The core value of classical liberalism are neatly summed up into four components up by Kelly: All individuals are of equal and ultimate moral value. This individualism is ethical and not sociological or psychological. Equality of concern and respect is cashed out in terms of a set of basic rights, civil liberties and economic entitlements. These rights entail accompanying responsibilities and duties. Ethical individualism and equality of concern and respect does not entail moral scepticism about objective values. It is instead concerned with the moral limitation of coercion or political power (2004: 13). What can liberalism offer in terms of conceptualizing energy security? Bathily forms a coherent and persuasive argument for approaching it from a liberal perspective. They assert that liberalism in fact challenges the very notion of security in any form and suggest that the realist egocentrism, struggle for survival and innate fear of external threat could be substituted by a so-called liberal logic, wherein states maximise absolute gains and generally prioritise economic development over that of political. In doing this, they predict that traditional elements of security will become sidelined and therefore the security agendas will eventually become redundant. Liberals view naturally occurring resources such as oil to be strategically unimportant, given the frequent rate of discovery around the world. This consequently turns oil from an economic fortune to an ordinary commodity. They further believe that resource management is not the responsibility or the right of the governing bod y, and that management should be decentralized and democratised to multiple, non-governmental actors (2009: 183-184). In some ways, the liberal take on energy security is a valid and applicable one. It explains why actors controlling the resource industry have freedom and independence from government decree which is true in many states and explains why the need for peaceful cooperation and mutual reliance is present in the international system today. What is fails to address, however, is the rising concern for resources in resource poor nations, which in turn has caused political instability, egocentric policy making, and the rise of resource nationalism (this will be examined further on). When trying to understand energy security, liberalism places too much emphasis on the importance of moral human nature in relation to political and resource-based relations, and does not provide enough focus on the importance of geographic, economic, regional and political involvement. 2.4 Energy Security and the Regional Security Complex Theory Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) offers a somewhat more contemporary and relevant approach to conceptualizing energy security. The founding academic linked to this particular theory is Buzan, with further contributions from Wà ¦ver. A regional security complex has been defined as a group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another (Buzan, 1991: 190). It is argued by Buzan and Wà ¦ver that the security complexes of states depend primarily on the pressures deriving from geographic proximity, and the interplay between the anarchic structure and how balances of power play out in the system. They view the world as regional clusters, whereby security complexes are magnified within these clusters (2003: 45-46). Buzan and Wà ¦ver further clarify the central ideas of RSCT as follows: The central idea in RSCT is that, since most threats travel more easily over short distances than long ones, security interdependence is normally into regionally based clusters: security complexes. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Process of securitization and thus the degree of security interdependence are more intense between actors inside such complexes than they are between actors inside the complex and outside of it (2003: 4) Here, it is supposed that both mutual and rival interests can contribute towards the formation of such a region, and in this case, ensuring energy security would be one of those interests. A major benefit of RSCT is that it allows analysts to confront common conceptions and thus discuss security concerns between members of a given security complex this dispels the overly generic assumptions of liberalism and realism, and suggests that the concept of energy security can be analysed and approached by varying methods, but all within the scope of RSCT. Furthermore, applying Buzans theory gives an explanation as to why security concerns vocalized by one state are frequently echoed around neighbouring states with a relatively short time frame (Sheehan, 2005: 49-50). The strengths of RSCT also lie in its ability to be adaptable and logical RSCT, unlike the traditional theoretical approaches, does not rely on sweeping generalization of defining concept such as human nature. RSCT confidentl y explains the occurrence of energy complexes and relations between two or more states within a region, and further demonstrates how energy has become securitized within a given geographical area (Buzan, Wà ¦ver and de Wilde, 1998: 31). To classify an energy security complex, however, it is necessary to understand the nature and level of energy dependencies through studying the energy profile of a given state: e.g. the extent of external dependence, diversification possibilities, trade levels, domestic supplies etc. This in itself highlights the problematic nature of RSCT if a state is said to have 100% dependency for, say, oil, this contributes to the securitization of energy. On the other hand, if oil only constitutes 10% of the states energy profile, this brings about an entirely different view. Therefore, in order to analyse energy security from this standpoint we must choose whether it is more beneficial to group together major energy sources, or to base our understanding upon aggregate energy reliance of a given state. Further to this, it is crucial to acknowledge that energy security also entails a need for supply security and demand security. In addition, dependence can be both positive and negative between two or more states. While RSCT presents a plausible and applicable framework in terms of understanding energy security, it is limited in that it does not address the interaction of states at a global level. With the possibility and indeed reality of constructing long energy export pipelines and transport energy by land and sea, we can see that energy (inter)dependence between states from different regions is both real and developing. Furthermore, it is undeniable that with the rise of globalization, the integration and transfer of knowledge, and the power of technology, energy security is not confined solely within regional complexes. 2.5 Critical Security Studies (CSS) Increasingly, IR theorists have been left searching for a concept to shed light on why structures and responses within the international society are increasingly determined by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given in nature (Wendt, 1991: 1). In contract to the realist and neo-realist assumption that security is primarily defensive, traditional and in pursuit of hegemony, CSS significantly broadens the concept of security. It brings in the notion of instability-of-the-object within the international system, and conceptualizes security not as an absolute feature but as a constructed quality which is dependent on shared ideas rather than state-centric gain (McSweeney, 1991:1). CSS has already been subject to diversification since its appearance in the 1990s, but several key aspects characterize this school of thought. They are summarised by Vaughan-Williams below as foll ows: The focus of analysis within CSS is called the referent object this can be an actor, sector, or concept which requires securitization The broadening of security. This refers to the move away from narrow and traditional views of security defined in terms of military strength, and posits concerns within other sectors as security issue The normative approach suggests what must or ought to be secured and analysed. The derivative nature of security. This idea speculates that our methods of understanding the world have a profound effect on the way we approach and conceptualize security (2010: 4).